Rumba yo muri Kongo: Amateka y’injyana yarenze imipaka, ikaba umurage w’umuco wa Afurika

Rumba yo muri Kongo, izwi kandi nka Rumba Lingala cyangwa Rumba nyafurika, ni injyana y’umuziki n’imbyino ifitanye isano rikomeye n’amateka n’umuco w’abaturage bo muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo na Repubulika ya Congo  (Congo brazaville). Iyi njyana imaze imyaka myinshi ikundwa n’abatari bake, haba muri Afurika no hanze yayo, kubera uburyo ihuza amagambo y’indirimbo, amajwi meza n’imicurangire ya gitari.

Iyi njyana yatangiye gukura mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1930, cyane cyane mu mijyi ya Kinshasa na Brazzaville, ariko inkomoko yayo ishingiye ku migenzo ya kera y’Abanyekongo. Mu mateka yayo, Rumba yagiye ihinduka, yakira izindi mpinduka  z’umuziki, ariko ikomeza kurangwa n’imiterere yayo yihariye.

Inkomoko ya Rumba n’isano ifitanye n’umuco wa Kongo

Amateka ya Rumba yo muri Kongo ashingiye ku mbyino gakondo ya Maringa, yakorwaga n’Abakongo  mu bice byahoze bigize ubwami bwa Loango, birimo uduce two muri Kongo, mu majyepfo ya Gabon no muri Cabinda muri Angola.

Maringa yari imbyino yarangwaga n’imigendere y’umubiri, cyane cyane murukenyerero, iherekejwe n’ingoma n’ibindi bikoresho gakondo. Muri ibyo bikoresho harimo Likembe, icupa ryakoreshwaga nk’igikoresho gitanga injyana ndetse n’ingoma nto yitwaga Patenge.

Hari kandi ibisobanuro bivuga ko ijambo Rumba rifitanye isano n’ijambo ry’Igikongo Nkumba, risobanura igice cy’umubiri wo ku nda cyangwa ku kibuno, rikaba rifitanye isano n’imbyino gakondo zo mu karere ka Kongo.

Mu gihe cy’ubukoloni, imijyi ya Brazzaville na Léopoldville, ari yo Kinshasa y’ubu, yarushijeho kwakira uburyo bushya bw’imyidagaduro n’umuziki. Mu myaka ya 1920 kugeza mu 1940, imbyino za Maringa zakomeje kumenyekana mu tubari no mu bindi bice by’imyidagaduro, aho ibikoresho gakondo byagiye bisimbuzwa cyangwa byongerwaho gitari na akordiyoni.

Uko Son Cubano yahuye n’umuziki gakondo wa Kongo, havuka Rumba Congolaise

Amateka ya Rumba Congolaise afitanye isano n’urugendo rw’umuco n’umuziki rwambutse inyanja ya Atlantique, rugahuza Afurika na Cuba. Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza uko iyi njyana yavutse, ni ngombwa kureba uruhare rw’umuziki wo muri Cuba, by’umwihariko Son Cubano, ndetse n’uburyo abahanzi bo muri Kongo bawuhuje n’injyana gakondo yabo.

Muri Cuba, mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 19, hari ubwoko bubiri bw’umuziki bwari bwamamaye: Rumba yo muri Cuba na Son Cubano. Rumba yo muri Cuba yari ishingiye cyane ku ngoma, kuririmba no kubyina, ifite imizi mu muco w’Abanyafurika bajyanywe muri Cuba, cyane cyane abakomokaga mu gace ka Kongo. Son Cubano yo yari yarateye imbere cyane mu burasirazuba bwa Cuba, ihuza injyana n’ibicurangisho bifite inkomoko muri Afurika n’ibindi byazanywe n’Abanyaburayi, birimo gitari na tres, ndetse n’imiterere y’indirimbo z’Icyesipanyolo.

Nubwo izo njyana zombi zari zitandukanye, zari zifite aho zihurira mu mizi yazo y’Afurika. Mu myaka ya 1930 na 1940, umuziki wa Cuba watangiye kumvikana cyane mu mijyi ya Léopoldville, ari yo Kinshasa y’ubu, na Brazzaville, binyuze kuri radiyo no ku byuma byacurangaga za disiki zo mu bwoko bwa 78 rpm. Mu ndirimbo zakundwaga cyane harimo iz’amatsinda nka Trio Matamoros na Sexteto Habanero.

Icyo gihe, zimwe muri izo ndirimbo za Son Cubano zagezaga ku Banyekongo zamenyekanaga ku izina rya “Rumba”. Ibi byatumye abahanzi bo muri Kongo batangira kubona isano hagati y’iyo njyana n’imbyino n’umuziki gakondo bari basanzwe bazi. Buhoro buhoro, batangiye gufata imiterere y’indirimbo, uburyo bwo gucuranga gitari n’imiririmbire byumvikanaga muri Son Cubano, babihuza n’injyana zabo gakondo, indimi zabo, cyane cyane Ilingala, ndetse n’uburyo bwabo bwo guhanga.

Ibyo ntibyari ugukoporora umuziki wa Cuba gusa, ahubwo byari ukuwuhindura no kuwugira uwabo. Ni muri ubwo buryo havutse injyana yaje kumenyekana nka Rumba Congolaise, ikaba yarahuje imizi y’umuziki nyafurika n’uruhare rw’injyana zo muri Cuba.

Bityo, Rumba Congolaise ishobora kurebwa nk’umusaruro w’urugendo rw’umuco rwabaye hagati ya Afurika na Cuba: imizi imwe y’umuziki nyafurika yageze muri Cuba, ihindurirwa imiterere mishya, hanyuma umuziki wavutsemo wongera kugera muri Kongo, aho abahanzi bawuhindura bakawugira injyana yihariye y’Abanyekongo.

Abahanzi n’amatsinda yagize uruhare mu iterambere ryayo

Mu bantu bagize uruhare mu kubaka no gukwirakwiza Rumba yo muri Kongo harimo Paul Kamba, Henri Bowane, Wendo Kolosoy, Manuel d’Oliveira na Léon Bukasa.

Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, abandi bahanzi n’amatsinda nka Le Grand Kallé, Franco Luambo Makiadi, TPOK Jazz, African Jazz, Nico Kasanda, Tabu Ley Rochereau, madilu  systeme ,Papa Wemba na Koffi Olomide bagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma iyi njyana irushaho kumenyekana.

Aba bahanzi ntibagarukiye ku gukomeza uburyo Rumba yari isanzwe icurangwamo gusa, ahubwo bagiye bayongeramo ibindi bikoresho, uburyo bushya bwo kuririmba n’imicurangire yagiye ihinduka uko ibihe byagendaga bisimburana.

Mu bahanzi bakomeye, Franco Luambo Makiadi azwi cyane kubera uruhare yagize mu guteza imbere umuziki w’amatsinda manini, by’umwihariko binyuze muri TPOK Jazz. Naho Le Grand Kallé na African Jazz bagize uruhare mu kumenyekanisha umuziki wa Kongo mu bindi bihugu.

Nyuma yaho, abahanzi nka Tabu Ley Rochereau na Papa Wemba bakomeje kwagura imbibi z’iyi njyana, bayihuza n’uburyo bushya bw’imicurangire n’imyidagaduro.

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Itsinda rya TPOK Jazz  (Tout Puissant Orchestre Kinois de Jazz)  ubwo bari  i brussels mububirigi mumwaka 1961

Ibiranga Rumba yo muri Kongo

Kimwe mu biranga Rumba yo muri Kongo ni imicurangire ya gitari, amajwi y’abaririmbyi n’uburyo ibikoresho bitandukanye byuzuzanya.

Mu bikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa harimo gitari, bass, ingoma, saxophone, clarinet, trumpet, piano, maracas n’ibindi. Ibi bikoresho byagiye bihinduka uko imyaka yagiye ishira, kuko mu bihe bya mbere abacuranzi bakoreshaga cyane ibikoresho gakondo, ariko nyuma hiyongeraho ibikoresho by’iki gihe.

Gitari ni kimwe mu bikoresho by’ingenzi muri Rumba. Hari gitari iyobora indirimbo, indi igatanga injyana iyiherekeza, hakaba n’indi ifasha guhuza imirongo y’imicurangire.

Indirimbo nyinshi za Rumba zitangira mu buryo buhoro cyangwa buciriritse, amajwi y’abaririmbyi akaba ari yo aba ari imbere. Nyuma haza igice cyihariye cyitwa Sebene, kirangwa n’imicurangire ya gitari yihuta kandi ifite imbaraga, kigatuma abantu barushaho kubyina.

Muri iki gice, abacuranzi ba gitari bagenda basubizanya mu buryo bwihariye, ingoma na bass bigakomeza kubaha injyana. Ni kimwe mu bice bikundwa cyane n’abakunzi ba Rumba, kuko gituma indirimbo ihinduka igitaramo cy’imbyino n’imicurangire.

Rumba kandi irangwa no gusubiramo amagambo amwe mu ndirimbo, guhuza ijwi ry’umuhanzi n’iry’abamuherekeje ndetse no gukoresha uburyo bwo guhanga mu gihe indirimbo irimo gucurangwa.

Nubwo Lingala ari rumwe mu ndimi zikoreshwa cyane muri iyi njyana, indirimbo za Rumba zagiye ziririmbwa no mu zindi ndimi zirimo Igifaransa, Igiswahili, Icyesipanyolo, Ikikongo na Tshiluba.

Bamwe mubabaga basohekeye mutubari  twacurangagamwo  rumba i kinshasa mu myaka ya   1955 na 1965

Uko Rumba yakwirakwiriye muri Afurika

Uko Rumba yo muri Kongo yagendaga ikundwa, ni ko yagiye irenga imipaka y’ibihugu byombi bya Kongo, ikagera mu bindi bice bya Afurika.

Mu myaka ya 1960 na 1970, radiyo n’ingendo z’amatsinda y’abacuranzi byagize uruhare rukomeye mu kuyikwirakwiza. Abacuranzi bo muri Kongo bagiye bajya kuririmba mu bihugu bitandukanye, abandi bahanzi na bo bakayigira isoko y’ubumenyi n’ihumure mu guhanga umuziki wabo.

Muri Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, ibihugu nka Tanzania na Kenya byagize uruhare rukomeye mu kwakira no guteza imbere Rumba. Mu mwaka wa 1969, itsinda Orchestra Fauvette ryageze i Dar es Salaam muri Tanzania, nyuma yo kuva mu bice bitandukanye bya Kongo no kunyura i Burundi. Iri tsinda ryaje kumenyekana binyuze mu ndirimbo zirimo Mama Nakupenda, ryafatiwe amajwi kuri Radio Tanzania.

Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, abacuranzi benshi bakomoka muri Kongo bimukiye i Dar es Salaam na Nairobi, aho babonaga amahirwe yo gukora umuziki no kuwugeza ku bandi.

Muri Kenya, amatsinda nka Orchestra Super Mazembe, Orchestra Virunga na Orchestra Les Mangelepa yamenyekanye mu tubyiniro no mu bikorwa byo gufata amajwi. Iyi njyana yanagize uruhare mu guhindura imicurangire y’abahanzi bo muri Kenya, barimo Simba Wanyika, Les Wanyika, Fundi Konde, Daudi Kabaka na Fadhili William.

No muri Afurika y’Uburengerazuba, Rumba yakwirakwiye binyuze kuri radiyo no mu ngendo z’amatsinda y’abacuranzi. Abahanzi bo muri Kameruni, Nigeria na Sierra Leone bagiye bagaragaza ko umuziki wa Kongo wabaye imwe mu nkomoko y’ihumure ryabo mu guhanga.

Mu bindi bihugu byo muri Afurika yo Hagati n’Amajyepfo, iyi njyana na yo yarakunzwe, igira uruhare mu guhindura uburyo abantu bacuranga, baririmba kandi babyina.

Mu Rwanda na ho, umuziki wa Kongo umaze igihe ufite abakunzi, kandi Rumba yabaye imwe mu njyana zamenyekanye mu myidagaduro no mu buzima bw’abakunzi b’umuziki.

Papa Wemba na Félix Manuak Waku ubwo bari mugitaramo  i Kinshasa mumwaka  1970

Rumba n’ivuka ry’izindi njyana

Uko Rumba yakomezaga gutera imbere, ni ko yagiye iba ishingiro ry’izindi njyana z’umuziki.

Mu myaka ya za 1960 na 1970, havutse Soukous, injyana yakomotse kuri Rumba yo muri Kongo, ariko ikarangwa n’umuvuduko mwinshi, imicurangire ya gitari ikomeye n’imbyino zifite imbaraga.

Nyuma yaho, Soukous na yo yakomeje guhinduka, kugeza ubwo mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1990 havutse Ndombolo. Iyi njyana yakoresheje uburyo bugezweho bwo gutunganya umuziki, ikoranabuhanga ry’amajwi n’ibindi bikoresho nka synthesizer, bituma ikundwa cyane n’urubyiruko.

Rumba kandi yagize uruhare ku yindi miziki yo ku isi, harimo umuziki wo muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba, ndetse n’ubwoko bw’umuziki wa hip-hop na R&B bikorerwa mu bihugu bikoresha Igifaransa.

Abagore na bo bagize uruhare mu mateka ya Rumba

Nubwo amateka ya Rumba yo muri Kongo akunze kugaragaza cyane amazina y’abagabo, abagore na bo bagize uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ryayo.

Mu bahanzi b’abagore bagiye bagaragara muri iyi njyana harimo Abeti Masikini, M’Pongo Love, Mbilia Bel na Tshala Muana. Bagiye bagira uruhare mu kwagura uburyo Rumba yaririmbwagamo, bakazana ijwi n’imiterere yihariye mu muziki wa Kongo.

Aba bahanzi bagaragaje ko Rumba itari injyana y’abagabo gusa, ahubwo ko n’abagore bashobora kuyihanga, kuyihindura no kuyimenyekanisha ku rwego mpuzamahanga.

Rumba yashyizwe ku murage ndangamuco wa UNESCO

Agaciro ka Rumba yo muri Kongo ntikagarukira ku kuba injyana ikunzwe mu tubyiniro cyangwa mu bitaramo. Ifite n’uruhare rukomeye mu mateka, umuco n’imibereho y’abaturage.

Mu Ukuboza 2021, UNESCO yashyize Rumba yo muri Kongo ku rutonde rw’umurage ndangamuco w’isi udafatika, mu rwego rwo kwemeza agaciro kayo mu muco w’abaturage ba Kongo no ku rwego mpuzamahanga.

Iyi ntambwe yashimangiye ko Rumba ari kimwe mu bimenyetso biranga umuco wa Kongo, kandi ko igomba kubungabungwa no kugezwa ku bisekuru bizaza.

Kuva ku mbyino gakondo za Maringa, binyuze mu guhuza umuziki wa Kongo n’uwaturutse muri Cuba, kugeza ku njyana zigezweho nka Soukous na Ndombolo, Rumba yakomeje kwerekana ubushobozi bw’umuziki nyafurika bwo guhinduka no kwaguka.

Uyu munsi, Rumba yo muri Kongo ikomeje kuba imwe mu njyana zifite amateka akomeye muri Afurika, ikaba n'umurage w'umuco uhuza ibisekuru, ibihugu n'abakunzi b'umuziki hirya no hino ku isi.