FDLR ni iki, kandi ni iki gituma ingengabitekerezo yayo yo kurwanya Abatutsi ikomeza kubaho?

Umutwe w’iterabwoba  wa FDLR (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda), ushingiye ku ngengabitekerezo igaragaza Abatutsi nk'abanzi, nk'uko bivugwa n'abahoze ari abayobozi bane bakuru bawo. Bavuga ko bigishijwe kwanga Abatutsi kera cyane, na mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.

Anastase Munyaneza wahoze ari jenerali majoro muri FDLR yagize ati:

“Mu mateka yacu no mu ngengabitekerezo yacu, Abatutsi bitwaga inzoka.”

Yongeyeho ati: “Igereranya ryakoreshwaga ni uko iyo inzoka ikurumye, igutera ubumara ukazapfa. Bityo rero, byari byiza kuyica mbere y'uko ikuruma.”

Aba bahoze ari abayobozi muri uwo mutwe bavuga ko ibitekerezo nk'ibi byakomezaga gushimangirwa mu nzego za politiki n'igisirikare mu Rwanda mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Banavuga ko byakomeje gukwirakwizwa mu bantu bahungiye mu gihugu cyari kizwi nka Zayire, ubu kikaba ari Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (RDC), nyuma y'uko FPR Inkotanyi ifashe ubutegetsi mu Rwanda muri Nyakanga 1994.

Nyuma y'imyaka irenga 30, FDLR iracyari imwe mu mpamvu zitera impungenge ku mutekano w'akarere, aho kuba kwayo mu burasirazuba bwa Congo bikomeje kuba ikibazo gikomeye mu mubano wa Kigali na Kinshasa.

Al Jazeera yaganiriye n'abo bahoze ari abayobozi bane ba FDLR, baje kuwuvamo, bagatahuka mu Rwanda, bakanyuzwa muri gahunda yo gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe mu kigo cya Mutobo. Ibyo batangaje bitanga ishusho y'inkomoko y'ingengabitekerezo y'uwo mutwe, uko yagiye ikura bari mu buhungiro n'imikoranire yawufashije gukomeza kubaho.

Iyo ngengabitekerezo yatangiriye he?

Imizi y'ingengabitekerezo yo kurwanya Abatutsi ivugwa n'abo bahoze muri FDLR isubira inyuma mu myaka myinshi, igihe amoko yari amaze guhindurwa ikibazo cya politiki kandi agashyirwa mu nzego z'imiyoborere y'u Rwanda.

Mu Ugushyingo 1959, imyivumbagatanyo y'Abahutu yagize uruhare mu ihirikwa ry'ubwami mu Rwanda. Icyo gihe kandi haranzwe n'ibitero by'urugomo byibasiye Abatutsi, hapfa abantu babarirwa mu magana, abandi ibihumbi bahatirwa guhungira mu bihugu by'abaturanyi.

Mbere y'ubukoloni, imyirondoro y'Abahutu n'Abatutsi yari ishingiye ku mibanire y'imibereho, politiki n'ubukungu. Mu gihe cy'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni b'Ababiligi, iryo tandukaniro ryarushijeho gushyirwamo umurongo ukomeye. Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1930, ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni bwashyizeho indangamuntu zitegetswe, zigaragaza Abanyarwanda nk'Abahutu, Abatutsi cyangwa Abatwa. Ibyo byatumye iryo tandukaniro rirushaho gukomera.

Igihe u Rwanda rwabonaga ubwigenge mu 1962, abantu bagera ku bihumbi 120, ahanini ari Abatutsi, bari bamaze guhunga igihugu.

Abari barahungiye muri Tanzania na Zayire bageragezaga gutaha, bakora ibitero hagati ya 1962 na 1967. Raporo y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ivuga ko buri gitero cyakurikirwaga n'ubwicanyi bwibasiraga Abatutsi benshi bari abasivili mu Rwanda, bigatuma habaho andi marundi y'impunzi.

Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1980, Abanyarwanda bari mu buhungiro bari bamaze kugera ku bihumbi 480. Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yavugaga ko ubwinshi bw'abaturage n'amahirwe make y'ubukungu byatumaga kwakira umubare munini w'impunzi z'Abatutsi zashakaga gutahuka bigorana.

Mu 1988, nk'uko Umuryango w'Abibumbye ubivuga, Abanyarwanda bari barahungiye muri Uganda bashinze FPR Inkotanyi kugira ngo baharanire gutahuka mu gihugu cyabo.

Lieutenant Colonel Idrissa Bizimana yavuze ko abari barahungiye mu mahanga bagabye ibitero ku Rwanda bitwaga “Inyenzi”.

Yagize ati: “Igihe FPR yagabaga igitero mu 1990, batubwiye ko ari za Inyenzi zongeye gutera igihugu. Twakuze twigishwa kubanga.”

Bizimana yavuze ko no ku ishuri bigishwaga ko Abatutsi bakomoka muri Ethiopia kandi ko “bategetse bakoresheje urwango mu gihe cy'imyaka 400”.

Abo bahoze ari abayobozi muri FDLR bavuga ko izo nyigisho zajyanwe no mu gisirikare, aho zagize uruhare mu buryo abasirikare batozwagamo kureba Abatutsi n'umwanya wabo mu muryango nyarwanda.

Jenerali Major Anastase Munyaneza yavuze ko Abatutsi batakundaga kuboneka mu gisirikare kuko batemerwaga.

Yagize ati: “Mu gisirikare twigishwaga ko Umututsi ari umwanzi wacu.”

Yibutse ko abasirikare basabaga uruhushya rwo gushaka umugore, bakabanza kwerekana abo bagiye kurushinga kugira ngo bemezwe. Iyo umugore yari Umututsikazi, uruhushya rwo gushyingiranwa rwarangwaga.

Impamvu yatangwaga, nk'uko yabivuze, ni uko ababyeyi b'umugore bashoboraga gusura umukobwa wabo mu kigo cya gisirikare, bakamenya amakuru y'ibanga ya gisirikare bakayageza ku mwanzi.

Igisirikare cyagize uruhe ruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994?

Abo bahoze ari abayobozi muri FDLR bavuga ko ingengabitekerezo bahuye na yo mu gisirikare yashyizwe mu bikorwa mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.

Munyaneza yavuze ko abasirikare batozaga bamwe mu bari bagize umutwe w'Interahamwe, wari urimo abantu bari barasezerewe mu gisirikare, abatorotse igisirikare cyangwa abari barakuwemo.

Umuryango w'Abibumbye, binyuze mu rukiko mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, wagaragaje ko Interahamwe, umutwe w'urubyiruko rw'ishyaka MRND ryari ku butegetsi, zagize uruhare mu bwicanyi zifatanyije n'Ingabo zirindaga Perezida ndetse n'igisirikare.

Bizimana yavuze ko abasirikare bo muri bataillon yari ayoboye bangaga Abatutsi kandi ko bagize uruhare mu bwicanyi.

Yagize ati: “Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, bataillon yari irimo yagize uruhare rugaragara muri Jenoside mu gace yari ishinzwe gukoreramo ibikorwa bya gisirikare.”

Ubwicanyi bwatangiye nyuma y'uko indege yari itwaye Perezida w'u Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana na Perezida w'u Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira ihanuriwe i Kigali ku wa 6 Mata 1994.

Ibyo byakurikiwe n'ubwicanyi ndengakamere bwateguwe kandi bugakorwa mu gihe cy'iminsi igera ku 100, nk'uko Umuryango w'Abibumbye ubyemeza.

Radiyo RTLM (Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines) na yo yakwirakwizaga ubutumwa bushishikariza abantu kwica Abatutsi, harimo no guhamagarira abantu kurimbura abo bitaga “Inyenzi”.

FDLR yashinze imizi ite muri Congo?

Igihe FPR Inkotanyi yafata ubutegetsi mu Rwanda muri Nyakanga 1994, igahagarika Jenoside, bamwe mu bari abayobozi muri Leta yariho, abasirikare n'abari mu mitwe yitwara gisirikare bagize uruhare mu bwicanyi bahungiye muri Zayire.

Mu burasirazuba bwa Zayire, ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku mpunzi ryatangaje ko abahoze mu Ngabo z'u Rwanda (ex-FAR) bigaruriye mu buryo bugaragara ubuyobozi bw'inkambi z'impunzi, cyane cyane mu nkengero z'umujyi wa Goma.

Munyaneza yagize ati: “Aho ni ho twongeye gutangirira ibikorwa byacu bya gisirikare.”

Abo bahoze ari abasirikare n'abari mu mitwe yitwara gisirikare bakomeje kwishyira hamwe no gutegura ibikorwa bya gisirikare bari mu buhungiro. Ibikorwa byabo n'ubufatanye bagiye bagirana n'indi mitwe byagize uruhare mu ishingwa ry'umutwe witwa FDLR.

Munyaneza yavuze ko ubufatanye bukomeye bwavutse mu 1998, ubwo Perezida wa Congo Laurent-Désiré Kabila yatandukanaga n'u Rwanda, rwari rwaramufashije kugera ku butegetsi.

Icyo gihe, abahoze ari abasirikare b'u Rwanda n'abari mu mitwe yitwara gisirikare barwaniraga mu mutwe witwaga ALiR (Army for the Liberation of Rwanda). Mu mwaka wa 2000, bongeye kwishyira hamwe bakoresha izina rya FDLR.

Munyaneza yagize ati: “Kabila yadusabye gutsinda Abatutsi bari bamugabyeho igitero, adusezeranya ko azadufasha gutsinda ubutegetsi buyobowe n'Abatutsi mu Rwanda.”

FDLR ni iki?

Munyaneza yavuze ko umutwe wa FDLR washinzwe ku mugaragaro muri Gicurasi 2000, ushingwa n'abahoze ari abayobozi mu gisirikare cy'u Rwanda ndetse n'abanyapolitiki.

Yavuze ko ari ryo zina rya nyuma ryahawe imitwe yitwaje intwaro yari imaze imyaka ikorera mu buhungiro kuva mu 1995.

Yagize ati: “Amazina yarahindukaga, ariko abantu bamwe bakomezaga kuba bamwe.”

Yavuze ko intego y'uwo mutwe yari “guhirika ubutegetsi buyobowe n'Abatutsi bwari bwadutsinze”, yavugaga ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda bwashyizweho nyuma ya Jenoside.

Kuba FDLR yarashinzwe nyuma ya Jenoside byagize uruhare mu buryo abayobozi bayo bageragezaga kwitandukanya n'imbaraga zagize uruhare mu bwicanyi.

Mu kiganiro ikigo cy'itangazamakuru IRIN cyagiranye na Ignace Murwanashyaka, wari Perezida wa FDLR icyo gihe, muri Mata 2005, yahakanye ko umutwe wose wa FDLR wagize uruhare muri Jenoside.

Yagize ati: “FDLR ni umutwe mushya cyane, wavutse nyuma y'imyaka itandatu Jenoside ibaye.”

Gusa Murwanashyaka ntiyigeze ahakana ko bamwe mu bawugize ku giti cyabo bashobora kuba baragize uruhare muri ibyo byaha.

Yagize ati: “Niba hari umwe muri twe wagize uruhare muri icyo cyaha, mwumvise ibirego bimuvugwaho, ariko nta muntu wavuga ko umutwe wose wakoze Jenoside.”

Abayobozi b'uyu mutwe na bo bagiye bakurikiranwa n'ubutabera kubera ibyaha byakozwe mu burasirazuba bwa Congo.

Ku wa 13 Nyakanga 2012, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (ICC) rwashyizeho impapuro zo guta muri yombi Sylvestre Mudacumura, wari umuyobozi wa gisirikare wa FDLR. Yashinjwaga ibyaha icyenda by'intambara bivugwa ko byakozwe mu burasirazuba bwa Congo hagati ya 2009 na 2010.

Muri Nzeri 2015, Murwanashyaka n'umwungirije Straton Musoni bahamwe n'ibyaha n'urukiko rwo mu Budage, birimo kuyobora umutwe w'iterabwoba ukorera hanze y'igihugu no gufasha mu byaha by'intambara byakorewe mu burasirazuba bwa Congo.

Ni nde uha FDLR intwaro n'amafaranga?

Abo bahoze ari abayobozi muri FDLR bavuga ko uwo mutwe wakomeje kubaho kubera inkunga y'amafaranga n'ibikoresho wagiye uhabwa n'abawushyigikira, ndetse n'amafaranga winjiza binyuze mu bikorwa ukorera mu burasirazuba bwa Congo.

Munyaneza yavuze ko uwo mutwe uhabwa inkunga y'amafaranga n'ibikoresho na Leta ya Congo.

Yagize ati: “Kugeza na n'ubu, FDLR iracyafitanye umubano wa hafi na Leta ya Congo.”

Augustin Nshimiyimana, wahoze ari Colonel muri FDLR, akaba yarakoze mu rwego rw'ubutasi muri brigade ndetse nyuma akaza guhabwa inshingano z'ubutasi bwo hanze y'igihugu, yasobanuye ibyo yavuze ko ari ubufatanye bukomeye hagati ya FDLR, Ingabo za Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (FARDC) n'imitwe ya Wazalendo, izina rikoreshwa ku mitwe itandukanye yitwaje intwaro ikorera mu burasirazuba bwa Congo.

Yagize ati: “FARDC, Wazalendo na FDLR babana hamwe, bararwana hamwe, bakoresha ibirindiro bimwe kandi bahabwa imyambaro imwe.”

Munyaneza yavuze ko FDLR ininjiza amafaranga binyuze mu bikorwa byayo bwite.

Mu byo yavuze ko byinjiriza uwo mutwe amafaranga harimo bariyeri zishyirwaho amafaranga, imisoro yishyuzwa abacukuzi b'amabuye y'agaciro na ba nyir'ibirombe, urumogi, ibiti, amakara ndetse n'amahembe y'inzovu.

Iyi miyoboro y'amafaranga ivugwa ko ari yo yafashije FDLR gukomeza ibikorwa byayo mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi iri mu buhungiro. Kuba uwo mutwe ukoresha umutungo kamere n'imikoranire n'indi mitwe yitwaje intwaro na byo byakomeje guteza impungenge ku isano iri hagati y'imitwe yitwaje intwaro n'ikorwa ry'ubucukuzi n'ikoreshwa ry'umutungo kamere mu burasirazuba bwa Congo.

Muri Nyakanga 2026, komite y'Inama y'Umutekano y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ishinzwe ibihano yashyize ku rutonde rw'abahanwe umuyobozi wa FDLR, Brigadier General Sébastien Uwimbabazi, ndetse n'umuyobozi witwa Gustave Kubwayo.

Ibyo bihano byashingiye ku bikorwa byabo bivugwa ko bibangamira amahoro n'umutekano muri Congo, ndetse na Kubwayo akavugwaho kugira uruhare mu bikorwa byo kwibasira abasivili, gushimuta abantu hagamijwe kubaka amafaranga no gukoresha umutungo kamere mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko.

Ese iyo ngengabitekerezo iracyariho?

Guhangana na FDLR byabaye kimwe mu bibazo by'ingenzi biri mu biganiro bya dipolomasi bigamije kugabanya umwuka mubi hagati y'u Rwanda na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.

Muri Gashyantare 2025, Inama y'Umutekano y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye yasabye igisirikare cya Congo guhagarika gushyigikira imitwe yitwaje intwaro, cyane cyane FDLR.

Mu masezerano ya Washington yasinywe mu 2025, abahuza bo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Kinshasa yemeye gufata ingamba zo guhashya no guca intege FDLR, mu gihe u Rwanda na rwo rwiyemeje gukuraho ingamba zarwo zo kwirwanaho.

Muri Nyakanga 2026, Leta ya Congo yatangaje ko agace kamwe ka FDLR kasinye amasezerano yerekeye gushyira intwaro hasi, gusubiza abarwanyi mu buzima busanzwe no kubashyira ahantu hagenwe.

U Rwanda rwamaganye ayo masezerano, rushinja Kinshasa gushaka kunyura ku ruhande inshingano yari yiyemeje mu masezerano ya Washington zo guhashya FDLR.

Aya masezerano yari intambwe nshya mu gushaka gukemura ikibazo cy'uko FDLR ikiri mu burasirazuba bwa Congo. Icyakora, gushyirwa mu bikorwa kwayo n'uruhare azagira mu gutuma uwo mutwe ushyira intwaro hasi byari bikiri ibibazo by'ingenzi.

Munyaneza yavuze ko FDLR ikomeje guhakana Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Yavuze ko nubwo inyandiko zayo za politiki zigaragaza ko ishaka gukuraho abo yita Abatutsi b'abanyamahanga, mu by'ukuri hari izindi ntego zihishe inyuma y'ibyo ivuga.

Emilien Mpakaniye, wahoze ari Lieutenant Colonel muri FDLR, akaba yari ashinzwe gushaka inkunga y'amafaranga ku cyicaro gikuru cy'uwo mutwe mu burasirazuba bwa Congo mu 2008, yavuze ko FDLR yanagiye ishyikiriza ingengabitekerezo yayo imitwe yitwaje intwaro yo muri Congo, iyo yatozaga cyangwa yakoranaga na yo.

Yasobanuye FDLR nk'umutwe uhuza kandi ugahuza ibikorwa by'indi mitwe yitwaje intwaro ikorera mu burasirazuba bwa Congo.

Ibyo aba bahoze ari abayobozi muri FDLR batangaje bigaragaza ko ingengabitekerezo y'uwo mutwe itakomeje kubaho binyuze gusa mu kuba hakiri abarwanyi bitwaje intwaro. Bavuga ko ari inyigisho zagiye zitangwa mu mashuri, zigashimangirwa mu gisirikare, nyuma zikajyanwa mu buhungiro n'abantu bagize uruhare mu ishingwa rya FDLR.

Bityo rero, guhashya uwo mutwe ntibishingiye gusa ku kuwambura intwaro. Hanakenewe kureba uburyo ingengabitekerezo yagize uruhare mu ishingwa ryawo ikomeje kubaho, imikoranire yawufashije gukomera ndetse n'ingaruka zayo ku yindi mitwe yitwaje intwaro ikorera mu burasirazuba bwa Congo.

Munyaneza yagize ati:

“Ku mugaragaro, uyu mutwe ntuvuga ko ugamije kwica Abatutsi; ahubwo inyandiko zawo za politiki zivuga ko ushaka gukuraho abo wita Abatutsi b'abanyamahanga. Ariko mu bayobozi ba FDLR, bazi ko intego yabo ari ukwica Abatutsi.”